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A point particle is a 0-brane, of dimension zero; a string, named after vibrating musical strings, is a 1-brane; a membrane, named after vibrating membranes such as drumheads, is a 2-brane. [2] The corresponding object of arbitrary dimension p is called a p-brane, a term coined by M. J. Duff et al. in 1988. [3]
Some versions of brane cosmology, based on the large extra dimension idea, can explain the weakness of gravity relative to the other fundamental forces of nature, thus solving the hierarchy problem. In the brane picture, the electromagnetic , weak and strong nuclear force are localized on the brane, but gravity has no such constraint and ...
Polchinski, Joseph (1998) String Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: An introduction to the bosonic string. ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring theory and beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4. Szabo, Richard J. (Reprinted 2007) An Introduction to String Theory and D-brane Dynamics. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-427-7.
It is also possible to consider higher-dimensional branes. The word brane comes from the word "membrane" which refers to a two-dimensional brane. [46] In string theory, a string may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a closed loop). D-branes are an important class of branes that arise when one considers open ...
String theory is a branch of theoretical physics that attempts to build a theory of quantum gravity using one-dimensional strings rather than zero-dimensional point particles as fundamental building blocks. The name string theory is somewhat of a misnomer since the modern theory also includes higher dimensional objects known as branes
String cosmology is a relatively new field that tries to apply equations of string theory to solve the questions of early cosmology. A related area of study is brane cosmology . Overview
A D0-brane is a single point, a D1-brane is a line (sometimes called a "D-string"), a D2-brane is a plane, and a D25-brane fills the highest-dimensional space considered in bosonic string theory. There are also instantonic D(−1)-branes, which are localized in both space and time.
In string theory, an S-brane is a hypothetical and controversial counterpart of the D-brane, which is localized in time. Depending on the context the "S" stands for "Strominger", "Sen", or "Space-like". The S-brane was originally proposed by Andrew Strominger in his speculative paper, and another version of S-branes was studied by Ashoke Sen.