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  2. Regulation of gene expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression

    Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, [1] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental ...

  3. Gene regulatory network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network

    In other recent work, multiscale models of gene regulatory networks have been developed that focus on synthetic biology applications. Simulations have been used that model all biomolecular interactions in transcription, translation, regulation, and induction of gene regulatory networks, guiding the design of synthetic systems. [53]

  4. Regulatory sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequence

    Regulation of transcription in mammals. An active enhancer regulatory sequence of DNA is enabled to interact with the promoter DNA regulatory sequence of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the ...

  5. Biological pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pathway

    In cell biology, a biological pathway is a series of interactions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain product or a change in the cell. Such a pathway can trigger the assembly of new molecules, such as a fat or protein.

  6. Enhancer (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer_(genetics)

    Among this constellation of elements, enhancers and their associated transcription factors have a leading role in the regulation of gene expression. [31] An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to ...

  7. Regulator gene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_gene

    Gene regulatory pathway. In genetics, a regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5') to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate. In addition, these sequences ...

  8. Downregulation and upregulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation_and_up...

    In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus.

  9. Gene expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression

    The process of gene expression is used by all known life—eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses—to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable ...