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A commentary on the Wiring Regulations BS 7671 makes the following statements in relation to overvoltage: "A 230 V rated lamp used at 240 will achieve only 55% of its rated life" (referring to incandescent lamps) and "A 230 V linear appliance used on a 240 V supply will take 4.3% more current and will consume almost 9% more energy".
Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems: Fundamentals and Current Issues. Springer. pp. 117– 136. ISBN 978-3-319-51118-4. OCLC 1005810845. Kundur, Prabha (22 January 1994). "Reactive Power and Voltage Control" (PDF). Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 627– 687. ISBN 978-0-07-035958-1. OCLC 1054007373.
Phase-fired control (PFC), also called phase cutting or phase-angle control, is a method for power limiting, applied to AC voltages. [1] It works by modulating a thyristor , SCR , triac , thyratron , or other such gated diode -like devices into and out of conduction at a predetermined phase angle of the applied waveform.
A first linear mathematical model of second-order CP-PLL was suggested by F. Gardner in 1980. [2] A nonlinear model without the VCO overload was suggested by M. van Paemel in 1994 [3] and then refined by N. Kuznetsov et al. in 2019. [4]
A Voltage controller thyristor based dimmer rack An electrical schematic for a typical SCR-based light dimmer. A voltage controller, also called an AC voltage controller or AC regulator is an electronic module based on either thyristors, triodes for alternating current, silicon-controlled rectifiers or insulated-gate bipolar transistors, which converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ...
Two-phase power can be derived from a three-phase source using two transformers in a Scott connection: One transformer primary is connected across two phases of the supply. The second transformer is connected to a center-tap of the first transformer, and is wound for 86.6% of the phase-to-phase voltage on the three-phase system.
The case where the system dynamics are described by a set of linear differential equations and the cost is described by a quadratic function is called the LQ problem. One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator ( LQR ), a feedback controller whose equations are given below.
Unlike the TCR, the TSC is only ever operated fully on or fully off. An attempt to operate a TSC in ‘’phase control’’ would result in the generation of very large amplitude resonant currents, leading to overheating of the capacitor bank and thyristor valve, and harmonic distortion in the AC system to which the SVC is connected.