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For example, this was the approach taken by OpenBSD in 2005 with its bio(4) pseudo-device driver and the bioctl utility, which provide volume status, and allow LED/alarm/hotspare control, as well as the sensors (including the drive sensor) for health monitoring; [7] this approach has subsequently been adopted and extended by NetBSD in 2007 as ...
Because of its criticality, safety instrumented systems must be independent from all other control systems that control the same equipment, in order to ensure SIS functionality is not compromised. An SIS is composed of the same types of control elements (including sensors , logic solvers , actuators and other control equipment) as a Basic ...
Atomic Gravitational Wave Interferometric Sensor; Attitude control (spacecraft): Horizon sensor, Earth sensor, Moon sensor, Satellite Sensor, Sun sensor; Catadioptric sensor; Chemoreceptor; Compressive sensing; Cryogenic particle detectors; Dew warning; Diffusion tensor imaging; Digital holography; Electronic tongue; Fine Guidance Sensor; Flat ...
DF-1 - used by Allen-Bradley ControlLogix, CompactLogix, PLC-5, SLC-500, and MicroLogix class devices; DNP3 - a protocol used to communicate by industrial control and utility SCADA systems; DirectNet – Koyo / Automation Direct proprietary, yet documented PLC interface; EtherCAT; Ethernet Global Data (EGD) – GE Fanuc PLCs (see also SRTP)
The device layer refers to the physical components: CPS, sensors or machines. The network layer consists of physical network buses, cloud computing and communication protocols that aggregate and transport the data to the service layer , which consists of applications that manipulate and combine data into information that can be displayed on the ...
A DCS control room where plant information and controls are displayed on computer graphics screens. The operators are seated as they can view and control any part of the process from their screens, whilst retaining a plant overview. Process control of large industrial plants has evolved through many stages. Initially, control was from panels ...
Digital protective relays are primarily IEDs, using a microprocessor to perform several protective, control and similar functions. A typical IED can contain around 5–12 protection functions, 5–8 control functions controlling separate devices, an autoreclose function, self monitoring function, communication functions etc. [citation needed]
Internet of things devices also have access to new areas of data, and can often control physical devices, [273] so that even by 2014 it was possible to say that many Internet-connected appliances could already "spy on people in their own homes" including televisions, kitchen appliances, [274] cameras, and thermostats. [275]