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Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), also known as intraventricular bleeding, is a bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulates through towards the subarachnoid space. It can result from physical trauma or from hemorrhagic stroke.
Intra-axial hemorrhage is bleeding within the brain itself, or cerebral hemorrhage. This category includes intraparenchymal hemorrhage, or bleeding within the brain itself, and intraventricular hemorrhage, bleeding within the brain's ventricles (particularly of premature infants).
The other form is intraventricular hemorrhage). [1] Intraparenchymal hemorrhage accounts for approximately 8-13% of all strokes and results from a wide spectrum of disorders. It is more likely to result in death or major disability than ischemic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage, and therefore constitutes an immediate medical emergency.
Intraventricular hemorrhage, or bleeding within the ventricles of the brain, leads to hydrocephalus in 51-89% of patients. [30] This is because the blood in the ventricles blocks the regular flow of CSF, leading to build-up of excess CSF [30] Spontaneous intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage with hydrocephalus shown on CT scan [31]
Infants, too, have larger subdural spaces and are more predisposed to subdural bleeds than are young adults. [3] It is often claimed that subdural hematoma is a common finding in shaken baby syndrome, although there is no science to support this. [8] In juveniles, an arachnoid cyst is a risk factor for subdural hematoma. [12]
Other possible symptoms include gaze palsies or hemisensory loss. [7] Intracerebral hemorrhage into the cerebellum may cause ataxia, vertigo, incoordination of limbs and vomiting. [7] Some cases of cerebellar hemorrhage lead to blockage of the fourth ventricle with subsequent impairment of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. [7]
Perinatal asphyxia can be the cause of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or intraventricular hemorrhage, especially in preterm births. An infant with severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color , perfusion, responsiveness, muscle tone, and respiratory effort, as reflected in a low 5 minute Apgar score.
The syndrome features acute neurological symptoms and reversible subcortical vasogenic edema predominantly involving the parieto-occipital areas on MR imaging. [28] PRES in general has a benign course, but PRES-related intracranial hemorrhage has been associated with a poor prognosis. [29]