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Valves and their types and identifications (e.g. isolation, shutoff, relief and safety valves, valve interlocks) Control inputs and outputs (sensors and final elements, interlocks) Miscellaneous - vents, drains, flanges, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers and swages; Interfaces for class changes; Computer control system
Safety relays must always be designed in such a way that, if wired correctly, neither a fault in the device nor an external fault caused by the sensor or actuator will lead to the loss of the safety function. [8] A normal relay uses a wire coil and the mechanical movement of the metal contacts to switch the load on and off.
Distance relays are actually double actuating quantity relays with one coil energized by voltage and other coil by current. The current element produces a positive or pick up torque while the voltage element produces a negative or reset torque. The relay operates only when the V/I ratio falls below a predetermined value (or set value). During a ...
The National Association of Relay Manufacturers and its successor, the Relay and Switch Industry Association define 23 distinct electrical contact forms found in relays and switches. [17] Of these, the following are commonly encountered: SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays have a single Form A or make contact. These have ...
A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller. [1] This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as pressure , temperature , and liquid level.
In many cases, it is possible to design a relay logic diagram directly from the narrative description of a control event sequence. In general, the following suggestions apply to designing a relay logic diagram: 1. Define the process to be controlled. 2. Draw a sketch of the operation process. Make sure all the components of the system are ...
Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and diaphragm valves are widely used for control purposes in many industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified) ball and butterfly valves are also used. Control valves can also work with hydraulic actuators (also known as ...
Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks as used in manufacturing and process control. [1] Each device in the relay rack would be represented by a symbol on the ladder diagram with connections between those devices shown.