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  2. Geodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodynamics

    v. t. e. Geodynamics is a subfield of geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth. It applies physics, chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how mantle convection leads to plate tectonics and geologic phenomena such as seafloor spreading, mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, faulting. It also attempts to probe the internal ...

  3. Internal structure of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth

    The internal structure of Earth are the layers of the Earth, excluding its atmosphere and hydrosphere. The structure consists of an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere, and solid mantle, a liquid outer core whose flow generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal ...

  4. Geophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics

    Computer simulation of the Earth's magnetic field in a period of normal polarity between reversals [ 2 ] Geophysics (/ ˌdʒiːoʊˈfɪzɪks /) is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis.

  5. Earth science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science

    Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. [ 1 ] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere / cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere).

  6. Outline of Earth sciences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences

    Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. Outer layers. By composition. Crust (geology) – The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. Moho Discontinuity – The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle.

  7. Earth's inner core - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_inner_core

    outer core–inner core boundary. Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), which is about 20% of Earth's radius or 70% of the Moon 's radius. [ 1 ][ 2 ] There are no samples of the core accessible for direct measurement, as there are for Earth ...

  8. Plate tectonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics

    t. e. Plate tectonics (from Latin tectonicus, from Ancient Greek τεκτονικός (tektonikós) 'pertaining to building') [1] is the scientific theory that Earth 's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago. [2][3][4] The model builds on the concept of continental ...

  9. Solid earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_earth

    Solid earth refers to "the earth beneath our feet" or terra firma, the planet's solid surface and its interior. [ 1 ]: v[ 2 ]: 1 It excludes the Earth's fluid envelopes, the atmosphere and hydrosphere (but includes the ocean basin), as well as the biosphere and interactions with the Sun. Solid-earth science refers to the corresponding methods ...