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  2. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

    Concrete degradation may have many different causes. Concrete is mostly damaged by the corrosion of reinforcement bars due to the carbonatation of hardened cement paste or chloride attack under wet conditions. Chemical damage is caused by the formation of expansive products produced by chemical reactions (from carbonatation, chlorides, sulfates ...

  3. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

    The attack arises from soils containing SO2−4 ions, such as MgSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 soluble and hygroscopic salts. The tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A) hydrates first interact with sulfate ions to form ettringite (AFt). Ettringite crystallizes into small acicular needles slowly growing in the concrete pores. Once the pores are completely filled ...

  4. Alkali–silica reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali–silica_reaction

    The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), also commonly known as concrete cancer, [3] is a deleterious internal swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture.

  5. Oxide jacking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide_jacking

    Oxide jacking. The expansive force of rusting, which may be called oxide jacking or rust burst, is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone, masonry, concrete or ceramics, and reinforced with metal components. A definition is "the displacement of building elements due to the expansion of iron and steel products as the ...

  6. Environmental impact of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of...

    Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like.

  7. Concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

    Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1 ] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2 ] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.

  8. Concrete slab crushes 2 workers at JFK Airport, feds say ...

    www.aol.com/concrete-slab-crushes-2-workers...

    Two employees of Triumph Construction Corp., based in the Bronx, died April 3 when they were removing soil from underneath a concrete slab at the airport, according to an Oct. 16 news release from ...

  9. Concrete recycling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_recycling

    Crushing concrete from an airfield. Concrete recycling is the use of rubble from demolished concrete structures. Recycling is cheaper and more ecological than trucking rubble to a landfill. [1] Crushed rubble can be used for road gravel, revetments, retaining walls, landscaping gravel, or raw material for new concrete.

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