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Glutathione (GSH, / ˌ ɡ l uː t ə ˈ θ aɪ oʊ n /) is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOCOCH(NH 2)CH 2 CH 2 CONHCH(CH 2 SH)CONHCH 2 COOH. It is an antioxidant in plants , animals , fungi , and some bacteria and archaea .
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.
A second GSH molecule reduces the GS-SeR intermediate back to the selenol, releasing GS-SG as the by-product. A simplified representation is shown below: [5] RSeH + H 2 O 2 → RSeOH + H 2 O RSeOH + GSH → GS-SeR + H 2 O GS-SeR + GSH → GS-SG + RSeH. Glutathione reductase then reduces the oxidized glutathione to complete the cycle:
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.Glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form glutathione (), which is a critical molecule in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining the reducing environment of the cell.
Other names in common use include glutathione synthetase, and GSH synthetase. This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and glutathione metabolism . At least one compound, Phosphinate is known to inhibit this enzyme .
The antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) belongs to the family of glutathione peroxidases, which consists of 8 known mammalian isoenzymes (GPX1–8).GPX4 catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and lipid peroxides at the expense of reduced glutathione and functions in the protection of cells against oxidative stress.
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The cytosol's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes. [14] The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm.