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  2. Gibbs–Donnan effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs–Donnan_effect

    Donnan equilibrium across a cell membrane (schematic). The Gibbs–Donnan effect (also known as the Donnan's effect, Donnan law, Donnan equilibrium, or Gibbs–Donnan equilibrium) is a name for the behaviour of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane that sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane. [1]

  3. Single-molecule experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-molecule_experiment

    Two examples of data (~10 s each) from a single-channel recording experiment using the patch clamp technique. The upper trace is at a lower concentration, while the lower trace is recorded at an agonist concentration near this ion channel's EC 50. Channel openings are represented by downward deflections, in this case deflections of ...

  4. Voltage-gated ion channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

    Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), calcium (Ca 2+), and chloride (Cl −) ions have been identified. [1] The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence charge gradient, between the sides of the cell membrane.

  5. Patch clamp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp

    The solution in the bath solution may match the physiological extracellular solution, the cytoplasm, or be entirely non-physiological, depending on the experiment to be performed. The researcher can also change the content of the bath solution (or less commonly the pipette solution) by adding ions or drugs to study the ion channels under ...

  6. Electrophysiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology

    A single cell is then positioned on the hole by suction and a tight connection (Gigaseal) is formed. The planar geometry offers a variety of advantages compared to the classical experiment: It allows for integration of microfluidics, which enables automatic compound application for ion channel screening.

  7. Chemiosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis

    An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H +) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red).

  8. Ion channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel

    Ion channels may be classified by gating, i.e. what opens and closes the channels. For example, voltage-gated ion channels open or close depending on the voltage gradient across the plasma membrane, while ligand-gated ion channels open or close depending on binding of ligands to the channel. [14]

  9. Ionophore - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionophore

    The structure of the complex of sodium (Na +) and the antibiotic monensin A Structure of a potassium complex of a crown ether, a synthetic ionophore-ion complex. Biological activities of metal ion-binding compounds can be changed in response to the increment of the metal concentration, and based on the latter compounds can be classified as "metal ionophores", "metal chelators" or "metal ...