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  2. Certificate authority - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority

    Certificate authority. In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority ( CA) is an entity that stores, signs, and issues digital certificates. A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions ...

  3. Quantum computing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing

    Computer engineers typically describe a modern computer's operation in terms of classical electrodynamics.Within these "classical" computers, some components (such as semiconductors and random number generators) may rely on quantum behavior, but these components are not isolated from their environment, so any quantum information quickly decoheres.

  4. National Party (South Africa) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)

    The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party, NP ), also known as the Nationalist Party, [ 2][ 3][ 4] were a political party in South Africa from 1914 to 1997, which was responsible for the implementation of apartheid rule. The party was an Afrikaner ethnic nationalist party, which initially promoted the interests of Afrikaners but later ...

  5. Government of Namibia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Namibia

    It consists of the president, the prime minister and his deputy, as well as the ministers of the Cabinet of Namibia. The legislative organs of government are the National Council and the National Assembly. They make the laws of the country. The judiciary organs of government are the courts. The highest court of Namibia is the Supreme Court.

  6. P versus NP problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_versus_NP_problem

    The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved. Here, quickly means an algorithm that solves the task and runs in polynomial time exists, meaning the task completion time varies as a polynomial ...

  7. Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_to_end...

    The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new interim Constitution in 1993, a precursor to the Constitution of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress (ANC) liberation movement.

  8. United States federal executive departments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal...

    The United States federal executive departments are the principal units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States. They are analogous to ministries common in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems but (the United States being a presidential system) they are led by a head of government who is also the head of state.

  9. Presidential system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system

    A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers. This system was first introduced in the United States.