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The A1 component then binds to the ribosome, disrupting protein synthesis. Stx-2 has been found to be about 400 times more toxic (as quantified by LD 50 in mice) than Stx-1. Gb3 is, for unknown reasons, present in greater amounts in renal epithelial tissues, to which the renal toxicity of Shiga toxin may be attributed.
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin. Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms , is responsible for the illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).
Patients can start feeling numb, due to which it is hard to make voluntary movements. [16] Also symptoms as dizziness, weakness and incoherence can occur. In the final stage of the poisoning, respiratory distress and full muscular paralysis occur, usually between 2 and 12 hours after ingestion. [1]
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs).The parent compound of PSTs, saxitoxin (STX), is a tricyclic perhydropurine alkaloid, which can be substituted at various positions, leading to more than 30 naturally occurring STX analogues.
However, diabetes does cause higher morbidity, mortality and operative risks with these conditions. [41] Diabetic foot, often due to a combination of sensory neuropathy (numbness or insensitivity) and vascular damage, increases rates of skin ulcers (diabetic foot ulcers) and infection and, in serious cases, necrosis and gangrene. It is why it ...
Syntaxin-2, also known as epimorphin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX2 gene. [5] [6] [7] The product of this gene belongs to the syntaxin/epimorphin family of proteins. The syntaxins are a large protein family implicated in the targeting and fusion of intracellular transport vesicles.
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins. [1] Symptoms may include fever , rash , skin peeling , and low blood pressure . [ 1 ] There may also be symptoms related to the specific underlying infection such as mastitis , osteomyelitis , necrotising fasciitis , or pneumonia .
Shellfish containing 80 or more micrograms of saxitoxin per 100g of edible shellfish tissue are deemed to be unsafe for human consumption. [16] Currently, there is no antidote for PSP neurotoxins. Most PSP patients suffer only minor symptoms, these lasting until the toxin is eliminated from the body.