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X-ray optics is the branch of optics dealing with X-rays, rather than visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction , X-ray crystallography , X-ray fluorescence , small-angle X-ray scattering , X-ray microscopy , X-ray phase-contrast imaging , and X-ray ...
X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.
Early X-ray microscopes by Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez used grazing-incidence reflective X-ray optics to focus the X-rays, which grazed X-rays off parabolic curved mirrors at a very high angle of incidence. An alternative method of focusing X-rays is to use a tiny Fresnel zone plate of concentric gold or nickel rings on a silicon dioxide ...
MOAs use total external reflection at grazing incidence from an array of small channels to bring x-rays to a common focus. This method of focusing means that MOAs exhibit low absorption . MOAs are used in applications that require x-ray focal spots in the order of few micrometers or below, such as radiobiology of individual cells.
X-ray mirrors can be built, but only if the angle from the plane of reflection is very low (typically 10 arc-minutes to 2 degrees). [2] These are called glancing (or grazing ) incidence mirrors . In 1952, Hans Wolter outlined three ways a telescope could be built using only this kind of mirror.
It is named after Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez, the inventors of the X-ray microscope. [1] Although X-rays can be focused by compound refractive lenses, these also reduce the intensity of the beam and are therefore undesirable. KB mirrors, on the other hand, can focus beams to small spot sizes with minimal loss of intensity.
Shows most significant islands, including all the small independent countries (such as Saint Lucia or Dominica). 419 x 445 pixels, 3 064 bytes. Image:BlankMap-Caribbean-in-world.png – Same as above, but with added location in world box. 419 x 445 pixels, 10 514 bytes.
Lobster-eye optics are a biomimetic design, based on the structure of the eyes of a lobster with an ultra wide field of view, used in X-ray optics. This configuration allows X-ray light to enter from multiple angles, capturing more X-rays from a larger area than other X-ray telescopes. The idea was originally proposed for use in X-ray astronomy ...