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+3: f-block groups [10] 102 nobelium: No +2 +3: f-block groups [10] 103 lawrencium: Lr +3: 3 104 rutherfordium: Rf +3 +4: 4 [136] 105 dubnium: Db +3 +4 +5 5 [136] 106
In the NO − 3 anion, the oxidation state of the central nitrogen atom is V (+5). This corresponds to the highest possible oxidation number of nitrogen. Nitrate is a potentially powerful oxidizer as evidenced by its explosive behaviour at high temperature when it is detonated in ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3), or black powder, ignited by the shock wave of a primary explosive.
As an example, summing bond orders in the ammonium cation yields −4 at the nitrogen of formal charge +1, with the two numbers adding to the oxidation state of −3: The sum of oxidation states in the ion equals its charge (as it equals zero for a neutral molecule).
For example, the chemically very active nonmetals fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine have an average electronegativity of 3.19—a figure [i] higher than that of any metallic element. The chemical distinctions between metals and nonmetals is connected to the attractive force between the positive nuclear charge of an individual atom and its ...
A good example is yttrium(III) oxide (Y 2 O 3), also known as yttria, a six-coordinate white solid. [22] Yttrium forms a water-insoluble fluoride, hydroxide, and oxalate, but its bromide, chloride, iodide, nitrate and sulfate are all soluble in water. [14] The Y 3+ ion is colorless in solution due to the absence of electrons in the d and f ...
[citation needed] [3] A simple example of a polyatomic ion is the hydroxide ion, which consists of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, jointly carrying a net charge of −1; its chemical formula is O H −. In contrast, an ammonium ion consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms, with a charge of +1; its chemical formula is N H + 4.
The positive ion retains its element name whereas for a single non-metal anion the ending is changed to -ide. Example: sodium chloride, potassium oxide, or calcium carbonate. When the metal has more than one possible ionic charge or oxidation number the name becomes ambiguous. In these cases the oxidation number (the same as the charge) of the ...
The chemistry of sulfur is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form ionic sulfides with highly electropositive metals. The common oxide of sulfur (SO 3) is strongly acidic. Selenium. Selenium is a metallic-looking, moderately reactive [8] solid with a density of 4.81 g/cm 3 and is soft (MH 2.0) and brittle. It melts at 221 °C to a black ...