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  2. Optical heterodyne detection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_heterodyne_detection

    Optical heterodyne detection began to be studied at least as early as 1962, within two years of the construction of the first laser. [3] However, laser illumination is not the only way to produce spatially coherent light.

  3. List of laser types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types

    Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).

  4. Laser diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode

    The laser diode chip removed and placed on the eye of a needle for scale A laser diode with the case cut away. The laser diode chip is the small black chip at the front; a photodiode at the back is used to control output power. SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of a commercial laser diode with its case and window cut away. The anode ...

  5. Electrophoretic light scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoretic_light...

    The scattered light is detected by a photo-multiplier after passing through two pinholes. There are two types of optical systems: heterodyne and fringe. Ware and Flygare [1] developed a heterodyne-type ELS instrument, that was the first instrument of this type. In a fringe optics ELS instrument, [2] a laser beam is divided into two beams. Those ...

  6. Random laser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Laser

    In this way, while the photon is trapped, the scatters may act as an optical cavity. The gain medium in which the scatterers lie will allow stimulated emission to occur. As in an ordinary laser, if the gain is greater than the losses incurred, the lasing threshold will be broken and lasing can occur.

  7. Frequency comb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_comb

    A frequency comb or spectral comb is a spectrum made of discrete and regularly spaced spectral lines.In optics, a frequency comb can be generated by certain laser sources.. A number of mechanisms exist for obtaining an optical frequency comb, including periodic modulation (in amplitude and/or phase) of a continuous-wave laser, four-wave mixing in nonlinear media, or stabilization of the pulse ...

  8. Ultrafast laser spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast_laser_spectroscopy

    A dye laser is a four-level laser that uses an organic dye as the gain medium. Pumped by a laser with a fixed wavelength, due to various dye types you use, different dye lasers can emit beams with different wavelengths. A ring laser design is most often used in a dye laser system.

  9. Superluminescent diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminescent_diode

    A superluminescent light emitting diode is, similar to a laser diode, based on an electrically driven p-n junction that, when biased in forward direction, becomes optically active and generates amplified spontaneous emission over a wide range of wavelengths. The peak wavelength and the intensity of the SLED depend on the active material ...