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At present, guided bone regeneration is predominantly applied in the oral cavity to support new hard tissue growth on an alveolar ridge to allow stable placement of dental implants. When bone grafting is used in conjunction with sound surgical technique, guided bone regeneration is a reliable and validated procedure.
Osseointegration is also defined as: "the formation of a direct interface between an implant and bone, without intervening soft tissue". [1]An osseointegrated implant is a type of implant defined as "an endosteal implant containing pores into which osteoblasts and supporting connective tissue can migrate". [2]
Bone grafts are used in hopes that the defective bone will be healed or will regrow with little to no graft rejection. [19] Besides the main use of bone grafting – dental implants – this procedure is used to fuse joints to prevent movement, repair broken bones that have bone loss, and repair broken bone that has not yet healed. [19]
Although there has been evidence that alloplasty is a viable method for repairing and substituting defects, there are disadvantages including suitability of patient bone quality and quantity for long term implant stability, possibility of rejection of the alloplastic implant, injuring surrounding nerves, cost of procedure and long recovery times.
Xenotransplantation is a cross-species tissue transplantation from animal to human. [10] [11] The development of blood vessel anastomosis opened the door for xenotransplantation during the 20th century, which led to numerous attempts in organ transplantations with tissues from nonhuman primates (NHPs).
Bone grafting – used in dental implants, as well as other instances. The bone may be autologous, typically harvested from the iliac crest of the pelvis, or banked bone/allograft. [2] Vascular grafting – the use of transplanted or prosthetic blood vessels in surgical procedures.
The implant stability quotient (ISQ) is the value on a scale that indicates the level of stability and osseointegration in dental implants. The scale ranges from 1 to 100, with higher values indicating greater stability. The acceptable stability range lies between 55 and 85 ISQ. [1] ISQ values are obtained using resonance frequency analysis (RFA).
Socket preservation or alveolar ridge preservation is a procedure to reduce bone loss after tooth extraction. [1] [2] After tooth extraction, the jaw bone has a natural tendency to become narrow, and lose its original shape because the bone quickly resorbs, resulting in 30–60% loss in bone volume in the first six months. [3]