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Magnesium oxide (Mg O), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide).It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg 2+ ions and O 2− ions held together by ionic bonding.
The hydration shell of the Mg 2+ ion has a very tightly bound inner shell of six water molecules and a relatively tightly bound second shell containing 12–14 water molecules (Markham et al., 2002). Thus, it is presumed that recognition of the Mg 2+ ion requires some mechanism to interact initially with the hydration shell of Mg 2+ , followed ...
Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics.
In both, magnesium oxide is the precursor to magnesium metal. The magnesium oxide is produced as a solid solution with calcium oxide by calcining the mineral dolomite, which is a solid solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates: CaCO 3 ·MgCO 3 → MgO·CaO + 2 CO 2. Reduction occurs at high temperatures with silicon.
Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat. Zinc oxide is used to protect rubber polymers and plastics from ultraviolet radiation (UV). [127] The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. [146]
Energy level scheme of the σ and π orbitals of carbon monoxide The HOMO of CO is a σ MO. The LUMO of CO is a π* antibonding MO. Most metals form coordination complexes containing covalently attached carbon monoxide. These derivatives, which are called metal carbonyls, tend to be more
A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 9% for plating, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, and 4% in other applications such as in rechargeable batteries, [15] including those in electric vehicles (EVs). [16] Nickel is widely used in coins, though nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy.
The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against further oxidation. Spanish - Mexican scientist Andrés Manuel del Río discovered compounds of vanadium in 1801 by analyzing a new lead -bearing mineral he called "brown lead".