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In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end populations" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population and the next ...
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
An endotype is a subtype of a health condition, which is defined by a distinct functional or pathobiological mechanism. [1] This is distinct from a phenotype, which is any observable characteristic or trait of a disease, such as development, biochemical or physiological properties without any implication of a mechanism.
Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926). The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908, [1] [2] and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. [3]
For example, a person may believe that they are in fact not in the hospital to which they were admitted, but an identical-looking hospital in a different part of the country. [ 8 ] Cotard's syndrome is a rare disorder in which people hold a delusional belief that they are dead (either figuratively or literally), do not exist, are putrefying ...
While the TN model may not suggest trauma is necessary for the development of psychotic disorders, research supporting this model opposes previous paradigms that the etiology of psychosis is purely biological in origin. [1] [2] Rather, the TN model suggests psychosis may be as influenced by psychosocial factors as other mental health illnesses ...
Substance-induced psychosis (commonly known as toxic psychosis or drug-induced psychosis) is a form of psychosis that is attributed to substance intoxication, withdrawal or recent consumption of psychoactive drugs. It is a psychosis that results from the effects of various substances, such as medicinal and nonmedicinal substances, legal and ...
Human genetic disorders can be caused by ring chromosome formation. Although ring chromosomes are very rare, they have been found in all human chromosomes. Symptoms seen in patients carrying ring chromosomes are more likely to be caused by the deletion of genes in the telomeric regions of affected chromosomes, rather than by the formation of a ring structure itself. [5]