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Concept (top view): In a vehicle, motors M1 through M4 drive respective wheels independently, possibly through respective gear arrangements. Individual-wheel drive (IWD) is an automobile design in which the vehicle has an all-wheel drive powertrain that consists of multiple independent traction motors each supplying torque to a single drive wheel. [1]
The name is an abbreviation of Universal Wheel Drive System. [2] The Uni Wheel is intended to gain the advantages of individual wheel drive without having to mount the motor directly to, or inside, the wheel. Instead, it subsumes the functions of constant-velocity joints, drive shaft and reduction gearing into a single system within the wheel. [1]
Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified traction control, all wheel drive if required and a lower floor (useful for buses and other specialised vehicles (some 8x8 all-wheel drive military vehicles use individual wheel motors).
The front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as FR layout) is one where the engine is located at the front of the vehicle and driven wheels are located at the rear. [3] This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century, and remains the most common layout for rear-wheel drive vehicles. [4]
The most common forms of all-wheel drive are: 1x1 All unicycles Reflects one axle with one wheel capable of being powered. 2x2 Some motorcycles and bikes Reflects two axles with one wheel on each capable of being powered. 4×4 (also, four-wheel drive or 4WD) Reflects two axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
Anti-lock brakes enable ESC to slow down individual wheels. Many ESC systems also incorporate a traction control system (TCS or ASR), which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power until control is regained.
Hacking into your computer and phone was bad enough, but this take the fear for cyber attacks to a whole new level. Hackers can now take over your car's controls, while you are driving.
The predecessor of modern electronic traction control systems can be found in high-torque, high-power rear-wheel-drive cars as a limited slip differential.A limited-slip differential is a purely mechanical system that transfers a relatively small amount of power to the non-slipping wheel, while still allowing some wheel spin to occur.