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Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract [ 2 ] [ 3 ] though strains have been isolated from the vagina [ 4 ] and mouth ( B. dentium ) of mammals, including humans.
Bifidobacterium animalis is a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the Bifidobacterium genus which can be found in the large intestines of most mammals, including humans. Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium lactis were previously described as two distinct species.
The 2002 FAO/WHO guidelines recommend that, though bacteria may be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), the safety of the potential probiotic be assessed by the minimum required tests: [141] Assessment of certain metabolic activities (e.g. D-lactate production, bile salt deconjugation) Assessment of side effects in human studies
The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are either rod-shaped (), or spherical (), and are characterized by an increased tolerance to acidity (low pH range).This aspect helps LAB to outcompete other bacteria in a natural fermentation, as they can withstand the increased acidity from organic acid production (e.g., lactic acid).
Bifidobacterium breve administered in combination with prebiotics or other probiotics and standard therapy has shown some beneficial effect. [5] B. breve is a constituent in the therapeutic, nutritional treatment of IBD. This proprietary, standardized, formulation of live bacteria is used to treat ulcerative colitis and may require a prescription.
Chemical treatment (e.g. formalin) Gamma-irradiation; Sonication; In most cases heat treatment is considered the method of choice for deactivating probiotic strains. The effect that different types of inactivation have on bacterial structure and components as well as the maintenance of probiotic properties requires further research. [citation ...
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Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium present in the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a microaerotolerant anaerobe and considered to be one of the earliest colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of infants. [ 2 ]