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Julian was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and he believed that it was necessary to restore the Empire's ancient Roman values and traditions in order to save it from dissolution. He purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy, and attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the expense of Christianity.
The physiognomic features of the saint with a full cheek face, curly hair up to the ears, short dark beard and mustache, as well as the modeling of his helmet, direct the closest analogies to the Church of the Assumption of the Most Holy Mother of God in Velestovo, near Ohrid, more precisely towards the image of St. Mercurius painted in 1444.
Julian's Persian expedition began in March 363 AD and was the final military campaign of the Roman emperor Julian. The Romans fought against the Sasanian Empire , ruled at the time by Shapur II . Aiming to capture the Sasanians' winter capital of Ctesiphon , Julian assembled a large army.
Also critical was the failure of Procopius to arrive with the 18,000 detachment of the Roman army that could have aided Julian in crushing Shapur's approaching force as he had intended. For as previously captured satraps had testified after being fairly treated by Julian, the capture or death of Shapur would have compelled the Persian city to ...
Julian invaded the Sasanian Empire with a force of 95,000 men, hoping to secure the eastern frontier [2] and to replace Shah Shapur II with his brother Hormisdas. [3] He split his force in two, one under his cousin Procopius numbering 30,000 men, [4] which marched to northern Mesopotamia, and the other consisting of 65,000 men under his own leadership.
The formidable defenses and strong garrison of the fortress of Maiozamalcha, determined Julian to effect its capture. A train of catapults and siege engines had attended the emperor's march through Assyria, and Julian employed them in vain against the impregnable fortifications; the frontal assault turned out to be a distraction from his real device.
Antique Christian accounts proclaim uniform victory while some current historiography begins with the "infinite superiority" of the Roman Empire based on an "idealized image" of it, then proceeds to vivid accounts of its unpleasant, ignorant, and violent enemies (the barbarians and the Christians), which is all intended to frame a "grandiose ...
Marcus Junius Brutus (/ ˈ b r uː t ə s /; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs juːniʊs ˈbruːtʊs]; c. 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator, [2] and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar.