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The toner is printed directly onto the drum, by direct contact with a rubber developing roller which, by reversing the bias, removes all the unwanted toner and returns it to the developer unit for reuse. The development of xerography has led to new technologies that have the potential to eventually eradicate traditional offset printing machines.
The toner is then fused onto the paper using heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Copiers can also use other technologies, such as inkjet , but xerography is standard for office copying. Commercial xerographic office photocopying [ 1 ] gradually replaced copies made by verifax , photostat , carbon paper , mimeograph machines , and other ...
Toner can be washed off skin and garments with cold water. Hot or warm water softens the toner, causing it to bond in place. Toner fused to skin eventually wears off, or can be partially removed using an abrasive hand cleaner. Toner fused to clothing usually cannot be removed. Unfused toner is easily cleaned from most water-washable clothing.
Toner may refer to: Toner (printing), a powder mixture used in laser printers and photocopiers; Toner (skin care), a water-based lotion, tonic, or wash designed to cleanse the skin in preparation for other skincare products; Hair toner, product used in hair dying; Toner cartridge, component of a laser printer which contains toner powder
The paper used in this process was coated with a zinc oxide powder, adhered with a resin, to make it able to hold an electrostatic charge, and absorb toner, to form an image and allow the evaporation of toner dispersants. Users of electrofax machines purchased paper with the coating already applied.
Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester, New York, as the Haloid Photographic Company. [12] It manufactured photographic paper and equipment. In 1938, Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate [13] and dry powder "toner".
Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged image. [1]
Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington.. Carlson invented electrophotography (now xerography, meaning "dry writing"), producing a dry copy in contrast to the wet copies then produced by the Photostat process; it is now used by millions of photocopiers worldwide.