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The Swedes have settled Svalbard since the turn of the 20th century. The Swedes played a significant role in the early exploration, mining, and scientific study of Svalbard . Swedish interest in the archipelago began with Arctic expeditions led by geologists and explorers such as Otto Martin Torell and Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld .
Whalers gradually accumulated a good geographic knowledge of the coastline, but the interior remained uncharted. [28] The first scientific expedition to Svalbard was the Russian Čičagov Expedition between 1764 and 1766, which passed Svalbard in an unsuccessful attempt to find the Northern Sea Route.
In the attempt of 1896, the wind battered Andrée's optimism by blowing steadily from the north, straight at the balloon hangar at Danes Island, Svalbard, until the expedition had to pack up, let the hydrogen out of the balloon, and go home. It is now known that northerly winds are to be expected at Danes Island; but in the late 19th century ...
While there is little precipitation, giving the archipelago a steppe climate, plants still have good access to water because the cold climate reduces evaporation. [157] [161] The growing season is very short, and may last only a few weeks. [182] The Svalbard poppy (Papaver dahlianum) is the symbolic flower of Svalbard. [183]
It reflects light and heat away from our waters. Without it, the sun is absorbed and warms the oceans. Scientists say to slow the melting, we need to significantly cut emissions from fossil fuels.
In summer, particularly away from land, fog is common, with visibility under 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) registered 20% of the time in July and 1% of the time in January, at Hopen and Bjørnøya. [13] Precipitation is frequent, but falls in small quantities, typically less than 400 millimetres (16 in) in western Spitsbergen.
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Both Svalbard and Jan Mayen consist almost entirely of Arctic wilderness, such as at Bellsund in Svalbard. Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude.
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