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Exceptions provide a form of non-local control flow, in that an exception may "bubble up" from a called function. This bubbling can cause an exception safety bug by breaking invariants of a mutable data structure, as follows: [7] A step of an operation on a mutable data structure modifies the data and breaks an invariant.
The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.
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File exists EXDEV: 18: Invalid cross-device link ENODEV: 19: No such device ENOTDIR: 20: Not a directory EISDIR: 21: Is a directory EINVAL: 22: Invalid argument ENFILE: 23: Too many open files in system EMFILE: 24: Too many open files ENOTTY: 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device ETXTBSY: 26: Text file busy EFBIG: 27: File too large ENOSPC: 28: No ...
Both Java and the .NET Framework have mutable versions of string. In Java [5]: 84 these are StringBuffer and StringBuilder (mutable versions of Java String) and in .NET this is StringBuilder (mutable version of .Net String). Python 3 has a mutable string (bytes) variant, named bytearray. [6]
Here, attempting to use a non-class type in a qualified name (T::foo) results in a deduction failure for f<int> because int has no nested type named foo, but the program is well-formed because a valid function remains in the set of candidate functions.
This allows idiomatic C code but does strip the const qualifier if the input actually was const-qualified, violating type safety. This solution was proposed by Ritchie and subsequently adopted. This difference is one of the failures of compatibility of C and C++. Since C23, this problem is solved with the use of generic functions.
In C and C++, volatile is a type qualifier, like const, and is a part of a type (e.g. the type of a variable or field). The behavior of the volatile keyword in C and C++ is sometimes given in terms of suppressing optimizations of an optimizing compiler: 1- don't remove existing volatile reads and writes, 2- don't add new volatile reads and writes, and 3- don't reorder volatile reads and writes.