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The cardinality or "size" of a multiset is the sum of the multiplicities of all its elements. For example, in the multiset {a, a, b, b, b, c} the multiplicities of the members a, b, and c are respectively 2, 3, and 1, and therefore the cardinality of this multiset is 6.
HyperLogLog is an algorithm for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. [1] Calculating the exact cardinality of the distinct elements of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardinality estimators ...
Within data modelling, cardinality is the numerical relationship between rows of one table and rows in another. Common cardinalities include one-to-one , one-to-many , and many-to-many . Cardinality can be used to define data models as well as analyze entities within datasets.
Formal verification is the use of software tools to prove properties of a formal specification, or to prove that a formal model of a system implementation satisfies its specification. Once a formal specification has been developed, the specification may be used as the basis for proving properties of the specification, and by inference ...
For example, think of A as Authors, and B as Books. An Author can write several Books, and a Book can be written by several Authors. In a relational database management system, such relationships are usually implemented by means of an associative table (also known as join table, junction table or cross-reference table), say, AB with two one-to-many relationships A → AB and B → AB.
The first known prominent public usage of the term "Model-Based Systems Engineering" is a book by A. Wayne Wymore with the same name. [8] The MBSE term was also commonly used among the SysML Partners consortium during the formative years of their Systems Modeling Language (SysML) open source specification project during 2003-2005, so they could distinguish SysML from its parent language UML v2 ...
Beer's work in management cybernetics and VSM is largely based on variety engineering. Further applications involving Ashby's view of state counting include the analysis of digital bandwidth requirements, redundancy and software bloat , the bit representation of data types and indexes , analogue to digital conversion , the bounds on finite ...
A further example, the description logic is the logic plus extended cardinality restrictions, and transitive and inverse roles. The naming conventions aren't purely systematic so that the logic A L C O I N {\displaystyle {\mathcal {ALCOIN}}} might be referred to as A L C N I O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {ALCNIO}}} and other abbreviations are also ...