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Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). [1] It is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is initiated by photoexcitation (i.e. photons that excite electrons to a higher energy level in an atom), hence the prefix photo-. [2]
Jablonski diagram of an energy scheme used to explain the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence. The excitation of molecule A to its singlet excited state ( 1 A*) may, after a short time between absorption and emission (fluorescence lifetime), return immediately to ground state , giving off a photon via fluorescence (decay time).
Spontaneous emission is ultimately responsible for most of the light we see all around us; it is so ubiquitous that there are many names given to what is essentially the same process. If atoms (or molecules) are excited by some means other than heating, the spontaneous emission is called luminescence. For example, fireflies are luminescent.
Because a parametric process prohibits a net change in the energy state of the system, parametric processes are "instantaneous". For example, if an atom absorbs a photon with energy E, the atom's energy increases by ΔE = E, but as a parametric process, the quantum state cannot change and thus the elevated energy state must be a temporary virtual state.
Note that the observational difference between delayed-fluorescence and phosphorescence is the difference in the wavelengths of the emitted optical photon in an S * → S 0 transition versus a T 0 → S 0 transition. Organic scintillators can be dissolved in an organic solvent to form either a liquid or plastic scintillator.
Luminescence is a spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. [ 1 ] A luminescent object emits cold light in contrast to incandescence , where an object only emits light after heating. [ 2 ]
In general, emitted fluorescence light has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the absorbed light. [15] (pp 6–7) This phenomenon, known as Stokes shift, is due to energy loss between the time a photon is absorbed and when a new one is emitted. The causes and magnitude of Stokes shift can be complex and are dependent on the fluorophore ...
If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light-emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time ...
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