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The largest economy in Europe by 1900, Germany had established a primary position in several key sectors, like the chemical industry and steel production. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] High production capacity, permanent competitiveness and subsequent protectionist policies fought out with the US and Britain were essential characteristics.
Germany has been called "the world's first major renewable energy economy". [41] [42] Germany has the world's second-largest gold reserve, with over 3,000 tonnes of gold. [43] Germany spends around 3.14% of GDP on advance research and development across various sectors of the economy. [44] [45] It is also the world's second-largest high ...
States GRDP (bil. EUR€) Germany 4,121.160 Bavaria 768.469 North Rhine-Westphalia 839.084 Baden-Württemberg 615.071 Lower Saxony 363.109 Hesse 351.139 Berlin 193.219
Brinkmann, Carl. "The Place of Germany in the Economic History of the Nineteenth Century". Economic History Review 4#2 (1933), pp 129–146. online. Buse, Dieter K. ed. Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871-1990 (2 vol 1998) Clapham, J. H. The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815-1914 (1921) online, a ...
Germany’s challenges span the structural and cyclical, domestic and geopolitical, creating a perfect storm for the country’s economy that most economists see little way out of in the short run.
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The economy of Berlin is dominated by the service sector, with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music , advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce ...
The economic policies were heavily oriented toward the world market, and the export sector continued to be very strong. [13] Prosperity was pulled along by exports that reached a record of $1.7 trillion US dollars in 2011, or half of the German GDP, or nearly 8% of all of the exports in the world.