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In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total. Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions , vectors , matrices , polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula y i = y i − 1 + x i to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort, [1] [2] and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages.
A Harshad number in base 10 is an integer that is divisible by the sum of its digits (when written in base 10). A005349: Factorions: 1, 2, 145, 40585, ... A natural number that equals the sum of the factorials of its decimal digits. A014080: Circular primes: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 37, 79, 113, ...
This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. Here, is taken to have the value {} denotes the fractional part of () is a Bernoulli polynomial.
Pairwise summation is the default summation algorithm in NumPy [9] and the Julia technical-computing language, [10] where in both cases it was found to have comparable speed to naive summation (thanks to the use of a large base case).
Starting with Python 3.12, the built-in "sum()" function uses the Neumaier summation. [ 25 ] In the Julia language, the default implementation of the sum function does pairwise summation for high accuracy with good performance, [ 26 ] but an external library provides an implementation of Neumaier's variant named sum_kbn for the cases when ...
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
A running total or rolling total is the summation of a sequence of numbers which is updated each time a new number is added to the sequence, by adding the value of the new number to the previous running total. Another term for it is partial sum. The purposes of a running total are twofold.