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Redundancy is a form of resilience that ensures system availability in the event of component failure. Components (N) have at least one independent backup component (+1).The level of resilience is referred to as active/passive or standby as backup components do not actively participate within the system during normal operation.
This may happen in three ways: First, redundant safety devices result in a more complex system, more prone to errors and accidents. Second, redundancy may lead to shirking of responsibility among workers. Third, redundancy may lead to increased production pressures, resulting in a system that operates at higher speeds, but less safely. [4]
While different in nature, data redundancy also occurs in database systems that have values repeated unnecessarily in one or more records or fields, ...
In international finance, the redundancy problem, also known as the n − 1 problem, is a problem of inequality of the number of policy instruments and the number of targets at the international level, [1] suggested by Robert Mundell in Robert Mundell (1969). [2] [3] This problem does not occur at the one-country level. [2]
RAID (/ r eɪ d /; redundant array of inexpensive disks or redundant array of independent disks) [1] [2] is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical data storage components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.
By far the most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), used in Ethernet and other IEEE 802 protocols with 32 bits, in X.25 with 16 or 32 bits, in HDLC with 16 or 32 bits, in Frame Relay with 16 bits, [3] in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) with 16 or 32 bits, and in other data link layer protocols.
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The quantity is called the relative redundancy and gives the maximum possible data compression ratio, when expressed as the percentage by which a file size can be decreased. (When expressed as a ratio of original file size to compressed file size, the quantity R : r {\displaystyle R:r} gives the maximum compression ratio that can be achieved.)