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Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate [9]), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO 3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation ( Na + ) and a bicarbonate anion ( HCO 3 − ).
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO − 3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.
The equivalent weight of an element is the mass which combines with or displaces 1.008 gram of hydrogen or 8.0 grams of oxygen or 35.5 grams of chlorine. The equivalent weight of an element is the mass of a mole of the element divided by the element's valence. That is, in grams, the atomic weight of the element divided by the usual valence. [2]
It can substitute for baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) for those with a low-sodium diet, [4] and it is an ingredient in low-sodium baking powders. [5] [6] As an inexpensive, nontoxic base, it is widely used in diverse application to regulate pH or as a reagent. Examples include as buffering agent in medications, an additive in winemaking.
The method is appealing to such users because sodium bicarbonate is widely sold as baking soda, and the temperatures required (250 °F (121 °C) to 300 °F (149 °C)) to convert baking soda to sodium carbonate are readily achieved in conventional kitchen ovens. [18]
Sodium nitrate is also synthesized industrially by neutralizing nitric acid with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate: 2 HNO 3 + Na 2 CO 3 → 2 NaNO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 HNO 3 + NaHCO 3 → NaNO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2. or also by neutralizing it with sodium hydroxide (however, this reaction is very exothermic): HNO 3 + NaOH → NaNO 3 + H 2 O
Sodium sesquicarbonate (systematic name: trisodium hydrogendicarbonate) Na 3 H(CO 3) 2 is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (NaHCO 3 · Na 2 CO 3), and has a needle-like crystal structure.
Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na 2 CO 3 ·10H 2 O, a kind of soda ash) and around 17% sodium bicarbonate (also called baking soda, NaHCO 3) along with small quantities of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. Natron is white to colourless when pure, varying to gray or yellow with impurities.