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RNA polymerase is essential to life, and is found in all living organisms and many viruses. Depending on the organism, a RNA polymerase can be a protein complex (multi-subunit RNAP) or only consist of one subunit (single-subunit RNAP, ssRNAP), each representing an independent lineage.
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs. The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions.
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes small non-coding RNAs, including tRNAs, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, SRP RNA, and other stable short RNAs such as ribonuclease P RNA. [7] Structure of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (light blue) in complex with α-amanitin (red), a strong poison found in death cap mushrooms that targets this vital enzyme
Synthesis of RNA typically occurs in the cell nucleus and is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found "upstream" of a gene).
In eukaryotes, three kinds of RNA—rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA—are produced based on the activity of three distinct RNA polymerases, whereas, in prokaryotes, only one RNA polymerase exists to create all kinds of RNA molecules. [3] RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes transcribes the primary transcript, a transcript destined to be processed into mRNA ...
Class 2 ribonuclease III (Rnt1p) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in complex with double-stranded RNA. Class II is defined by the presence of an N-terminal domain (NTD), a RIIID, and a dsRBD. Class II is found in some fungi species. [6] They process precursors to rRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA. Yeast nucleases with the Class 2 RNase III domain: [11]
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. [11] It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors , and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins.
Structure and evolution of RdRp in RNA viruses and their superfamilies. Four superfamilies of viruses cover all RNA-containing viruses with no DNA stage: Viruses containing positive-strand RNA or double-strand RNA, except retroviruses and Birnaviridae. All positive-strand RNA eukaryotic viruses with no DNA stage, such as Coronaviridae