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Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. [1] Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB).
The conversion of nitrite to nitrate is facilitated by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. The genus Nitrobacter is widely distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. [ 2 ] Nitrifying bacteria have an optimum growth between 77 and 86 °F (25 and 30 °C), and cannot survive past the upper limit of 120 °F (49 °C) or the lower limit of 32 ...
Nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR or NXR) is an enzyme involved in nitrification.It is the last step in the process of aerobic ammonia oxidation, which is carried out by two groups of nitrifying bacteria: ammonia oxidizers such as Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosococcus convert ammonia to nitrite, while nitrite oxidizers such as Nitrobacter and Nitrospira oxidize nitrite to nitrate.
Nitrobacter winogradskyi is a gram-negative nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus of Nitrobacter. [2] [3] It is a chemolithoautotroph that derives energy by oxidation of nitrite. Nitrobacter winogradskyi is rod-shaped and is involved in the biological nitrification process that occurs within the nitrogen cycle.
The second step of nitrification is the oxidation of nitrite into nitrate. This process is sometimes known as nitratation. Nitrite oxidation is conducted by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) from the taxa Nitrospirota, [16] Nitrospinota, [17] Pseudomonadota [18] and Chloroflexota. [19]
Nitrosomonas europaea is a Gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and lives in several places such as soil, sewage, freshwater, the walls of buildings and on the surface of monuments especially in polluted areas where the air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds.
Nitrospira moscoviensis was the second bacterium classified under the most diverse nitrite-oxidizing bacteria phylum, Nitrospirae. [2] [3] It is a gram-negative, non-motile, facultative lithoauthotropic bacterium that was discovered in Moscow, Russia in 1995. [2]
The first step is the partial nitrification (nitritation) of half of the ammonium to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria: 2 NH + 4 + 3 O 2 → 2 NO − 2 + 4 H + + 2 H 2 O. The remaining half of the ammonium and the newly formed nitrite are converted in the anammox process to diatomic nitrogen gas and ~15 % nitrate (not shown) by anammox ...