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2. Annealing (materials science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(materials_science)

   The three stages of the annealing process that proceed as the temperature of the material is increased are: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. The first stage is recovery, and it results in softening of the metal through removal of primarily linear defects called dislocations and the internal stresses they cause. Recovery occurs at ...

3. Recrystallization (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(metallurgy)

   Critical temperature. Following from the previous rule it is found that recrystallization requires a minimum temperature for the necessary atomic mechanisms to occur. This recrystallization temperature decreases with annealing time. Critical deformation. The prior deformation applied to the material must be adequate to provide nuclei and ...

4. Antimicrobial properties of copper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties...

   Copper alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties that destroy many microorganisms.In the interest of protecting public health, especially in healthcare environments with their susceptible patient populations, an abundance of peer-reviewed antimicrobial efficacy studies have been conducted in the past ten years regarding copper's efficacy to destroy E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant ...

5. Copper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper

   Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives. Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c ...

6. Copper in biology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_biology

   Copper deficiency and toxicity can be either of genetic or non-genetic origin. [8] The study of copper's genetic diseases, which are the focus of intense international research activity, has shed insight into how human bodies use copper, and why it is important as an essential micronutrient. [9]

7. Copper in heat exchangers - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_heat_exchangers

   It is a sealed hollow copper tube that contains a small amount of thermal transfer fluid (water or glycol mixture) which under low pressure boils at a very low temperature. The copper heat pipe transfers thermal energy from within the solar tube into a copper header. As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises.

8. Bioleaching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleaching

   Bioleaching is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to treat ores or concentrates containing copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt.

9. Copper peptide GHK-Cu - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_peptide_GHK-Cu

   Copper is required for iron metabolism, oxygenation, neurotransmission, embryonic development and many other essential biological processes. Another function of copper is signaling – for example, stem cells require a certain level of copper in the media to start their differentiation into cells needed for repair. Thus, GHK-Cu's ability to ...