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  2. Atmospheric optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics

    Other colors occur naturally in clouds. Bluish-grey is the result of light scattering within the cloud. In the visible spectrum, blue and green are at the short end of light's visible wavelengths, while red and yellow are at the long end. [20] The short rays are more easily scattered by water droplets, and the long rays are more likely to be ...

  3. Shortwave radiation (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radiation_(optics)

    Notes [ edit ] ^ However, the definition of thermal infrared may start at wavelengths as short as 1.1μm (longer than which optical instruments have difficulty measuring) or anywhere between 2.0μm and 4.0μm, depending on the method of measurement and its purpose.

  4. Cloud physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_physics

    Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds. These aerosols are found in the troposphere , stratosphere , and mesosphere , which collectively make up the greatest part of the homosphere .

  5. Köhler theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_theory

    It is used in atmospheric sciences and meteorology to determine the humidity at which a cloud is formed. Köhler theory combines the Kelvin effect , which describes the change in vapor pressure due to a curved surface, with Raoult's Law , which relates the vapor pressure to the solute concentration.

  6. Rutherford scattering experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering...

    In a cloud chamber, a 5.3 MeV alpha particle track from a 210 Pb source (1) undergoes Rutherford scattering (2), deflecting by an angle of about 30°. It scatters once again (3), and finally comes to rest in the gas. The target nucleus recoils, leaving a short track (2). (cm scale) The first impacts were to encourage new focus on scattering ...

  7. Ray (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(optics)

    The entrance pupil is an image of the aperture stop formed by the optics in the front of it, and the location and size of the pupil are determined by chief rays and marginal rays, respectively. A meridional ray or tangential ray is a ray that is confined to the plane containing the system's optical axis and the object point from which the ray ...

  8. Cosmic ray - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray

    galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and extragalactic cosmic rays, i.e., high-energy particles originating outside the solar system, and; solar energetic particles, high-energy particles (predominantly protons) emitted by the sun, primarily in solar eruptions. However, the term "cosmic ray" is often used to refer to only the extrasolar flux.

  9. Tyndall effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_effect

    When the day's sky is overcast, sunlight passes through the turbidity layer of the clouds, resulting in scattered, diffuse light on the ground . This exhibits Mie scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the cloud droplets are larger than the wavelength of the light and scatters all colors approximately equally.