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Hyperpolarization of the hair cell, which occurs when potassium leaves the cell, is also important, as it stops the influx of calcium and therefore stops the fusion of vesicles at the ribbon synapses. Thus, as elsewhere in the body, the transduction is dependent on the concentration and distribution of ions. [7]
Phase locking is a direct consequence of the transduction process with an increase in probability of transduction channel opening occurring with a stretching of the stereocilia and decrease in channel opening occurring when pushed in the opposite direction. This has led some to suggest that phase locking is an epiphenomenon.
This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential. [1] Transduction occurs through vibrations of structures in the inner ear causing displacement of cochlear fluid and movement of hair cells at the organ of Corti to produce electrochemical signals. [2]
The superior olivary complex is generally located in the pons, but in humans extends from the rostral medulla to the mid-pons [1] and receives projections predominantly from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) via the trapezoid body, although the posteroventral nucleus projects to the SOC via the intermediate acoustic stria.
There are two types of hair cells specific to the auditory system; inner and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the mechanoreceptors for hearing: they transduce the vibration of sound into electrical activity in nerve fibers, which is transmitted to the brain. Outer hair cells are a motor structure.
In mammalian outer hair cells, the varying receptor potential is converted to active vibrations of the cell body. This mechanical response to electrical signals is termed somatic electromotility; [13] it drives variations in the cell's length, synchronized to the incoming sound signal, and provides mechanical amplification by feedback to the traveling wave.
The cells and synapses undergo dystrophy in a deafness auditory pathway. If the infants receive cochlear implants during the early critical period , the neurosensory functions can be restored. A recent study concluded that congenital deafness does not damage the general cortical cytoarchitecture.
The mTOR pathway is downstream of Myc/Notch 1 activation and is required in proliferation and supporting cell-to-hair cell transdifferentiation in the adult cochlea. These regenerated hair cells have functional signal transduction channels, which are necessary for sensory processing.