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The earliest electronic systems available as factory installations were vacuum tube car radios, starting in the early 1930s.The development of semiconductors after World War II greatly expanded the use of electronics in automobiles, with solid-state diodes making the automotive alternator the standard after about 1960, and the first transistorized ignition systems appearing in 1963.
Automotive engineering, along with aerospace engineering and naval architecture, is a branch of vehicle engineering, incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software, and safety engineering as applied to the design, manufacture and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, and trucks and their respective engineering subsystems.
A typical ETC system consists of three major components: (i) an accelerator pedal module (ideally with two or more independent sensors), (ii) a throttle valve that can be opened and closed by an electric motor (sometimes referred to as an electric or electronic throttle body (ETB)), and (iii) a powertrain or engine control module (PCM or ECM). [4]
The development of an ECU involves both hardware and software required to perform the functions expected from that particular module. Automotive ECU's are being developed following the V-model. [1] Recently the trend is to dedicate a significant amount of time and effort to develop safe modules by following standards like ISO 26262. [5]
The manufacturing of powertrain components and systems is important to industry, including the automotive and other vehicle sectors. Competitiveness drives companies to engineer and produce powertrain systems that over time are more economical to manufacture, higher in product quality and reliability, higher in performance, more fuel efficient, less polluting, and longer in life expectancy.
In automotive engineering, the drivetrain is the components of a motor vehicle that deliver power to the drive wheels. [1] This excludes the engine or motor that generates the power. In marine applications, the drive shaft will drive a propeller , thruster, or waterjet rather than a drive axle , while the actual engine might be similar to an ...
The main functions of the ECU are typically: Fuel injection system; Ignition system; Idle speed control (typically either via an idle air control valve or the electronic throttle system) Variable valve timing and/or variable valve lift systems; The sensors used by the ECU include: [2]
Self-driving car; Self-driving truck; Semi-trailer aerodynamic device; Solar bus; Soundaktor; Spaceframe chassis; Spoiler (car) Start-stop system; State of health; Stressed skin; Strutmasters; Surround-view system