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Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]
The goal is to increase the urine volume because the concentration of cystine in the urine is reduced which prevents cystine from precipitating from the urine and forming stones. People with cystine stones should consume 5 to 7 liters a day. The rationale behind alkalizing the urine is that cystine tends to stay in solution and causes no harm.
Urinalysis - After the patient provides a urine specimen, it is sent to the lab for analysis using a variety of methods including urine dipstick testing and microscopic examination. Because the kidney is responsible for making urine , analyzing the urine directly can provide crucial data that can help the physician diagnose nephritic syndrome ...
The first test will be a urinalysis to test for high levels of proteins, [35] as a healthy subject excretes an insignificant amount of protein in their urine. The test will involve a 24-hour bedside urinary total protein estimation. The urine sample is tested for proteinuria (>3.5 g per 1.73 m 2 per 24 hours).
Urine pH may be monitored to help prevent the formation of kidney stones or to avoid side effects of some drugs, [68] such as high-dose methotrexate therapy, in which crystals that cause kidney damage can form if the urine is acidic. [69] If microscopy is performed, knowing the pH of the sample helps to identify any crystals that might be ...
An Italian nun was arrested Thursday as part of a long investigation that led to the arrests of 25 suspects and the seizure of over 1,800,000 euros. Catholic nun arrested for bringing mafia ...
Trump shares ruthless reel of Dems calling Biden ‘sharp’ after veteran journalist rips cover-up of ‘obvious cognitive decline’
Brown, who coached Texas to the 2005 national championship, was 44-33 in hi s s econd stint at UNC, which lasted six years. Belichick's father, longtime Navy assistant coach Steve Belichick , had ...