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As the Soviet Union switched from the 7.62×39mm caliber AKM to the 5.45×39mm caliber AK-74, it encouraged other nations of the Warsaw Pact to follow suit. By the mid 1980s, Romania decided to switch calibers, however it was decided that the new rifle would be developed independently, and not represent a clone of the Soviet AK-74.
Arguably, the criticisms about range, accuracy, and lethality are related to the change in barrel length and twist between the M16 and M4. The earlier 5.56 rounds (the original M193) were optimized for a 20-inch (51 cm) barrel with a 1:12 twist. In 1980 STANAG 4172 defined the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering and its accompanying 1:7 twist rifling. [38]
PM md. 63/65 (AKM/AKMS), PM md. 80, PM md. 90, collectively exported under the umbrella name AIM or AIMS; PA md. 86 (AK-74), exported as the AIMS-74; PM md. 90 short barrel, PA md. 86 short barrel, exported as the AIMR; PSL (designated marksman rifle; other names PSL-54C, Romak III, FPK and SSG-97) Sudan MAZ [18] (based on the Type 56) Turkey
There are two variants, K2C, a carbine version with a short barrel, and K2C1, modified with modern specifications. S&T STC-16: Carbine assault rifle South Korea: 2016–present Based on the AR-15 Carbine with some modification. Dasan Machineries K16: Assault rifle South Korea: 2018–present Based on the M4 carbine and HK 416. S&T Daewoo K11
The rifle itself is offered in two variants: the S-5.56 A1 with a 19.9-inch barrel and 1:12 pitch rifling (1 turn in 305 mm), optimized for the use of the M193 Ball cartridge; and the S-5.56 A3 with a 20-inch barrel and a 1:7 pitch rifling (1 turn in 177, 8 mm), optimized for the use of the SS109 cartridge.
The StG-940's design is based on the AK-74, [2] albeit modified. [2] This was done to evade restrictions placed on East German assault rifle production of their AK-74 variants imposed in order to prevent competition against the Soviets [2] based on their licensing agreement to not export any AK-74s made in East German soil abroad.
The AN-94 was designed as a potential replacement to the AK-74 series of rifles currently in service with the Russian Armed Forces. Due to its complex design and expense, it failed to fill its intended role as a replacement for the AK-74, but it is in limited use as a special purpose weapon. [2] [3]
The larger diameter, shorter 6 mm cartridge is optimized for these shorter barrel lengths, and would perform less efficiently from rifle-length barrels. The round's muzzle energy is 831 ft⋅lbf (1,127 J) versus 792 ft⋅lbf (1,074 J) for a 5.56 mm bullet, again from the same 10" standard barrel.