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In 1767, he conjectured that the force between charges varied as the inverse square of the distance. [15] [16] Coulomb's torsion balance. In 1769, Scottish physicist John Robison announced that, according to his measurements, the force of repulsion between two spheres with charges of the same sign varied as x −2.06. [17]
Most commonly, the term is used for a functional which takes a function of time and (for fields) space as input and returns a scalar. [13] [14] In classical mechanics, the input function is the evolution q(t) of the system between two times t 1 and t 2, where q represents the generalized coordinates.
In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times. Let ( X t , Y t ) {\displaystyle (X_{t},Y_{t})} be a pair of random processes, and t {\displaystyle t} be any point in time ( t {\displaystyle t} may be ...
Fold change is a measure describing how much a quantity changes between an original and a subsequent measurement. It is defined as the ratio between the two quantities; for quantities A and B the fold change of B with respect to A is B/A. In other words, a change from 30 to 60 is defined as a fold-change of 2.
The normalized angle, referred to as angular distance, between any two vectors and is a formal distance metric and can be calculated from the cosine similarity. [5] The complement of the angular distance metric can then be used to define angular similarity function bounded between 0 and 1, inclusive.
The proper time interval between two events on a world line is the change in proper time, which is independent of coordinates, and is a Lorentz scalar. [1] The interval is the quantity of interest, since proper time itself is fixed only up to an arbitrary additive constant, namely the setting of the clock at some event along the world line.
Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). When unspecified, "time dilation" usually refers to the effect due to velocity.
The characteristic aspect of the machine's design is its automatic performance of elapsed-time calculations, as calculating the difference between two times manually is a tedious and error-prone process, and the machines quickly gained popularity. Abbott founded the Calculagraph Company in New York City, and later moved to New Jersey. The ...