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Sumerian (Sumerian: ð’…´ð’‚ , romanized: eme-gir 15 [a], lit. ''native language'' [1]) was the language of ancient Sumer. It is one of the oldest attested languages, dating back to at least 2900 BC. It is a local language isolate that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, in the area that is modern-day Iraq.
Proto-Euphratean is a hypothetical unclassified language or languages which was considered by some Assyriologists (such as Samuel Noah Kramer) to be the substratum language of the people who introduced farming into Southern Iraq in the Early Ubaid period (5300–4700 BC).
An = Anum, a Sumerian god synonym-list on six tablets thought to have originated during the late Kassite era [10] [CT XXIV 20-50 [p 7]] [p 8] An = Anu ša amÄ“li , "An is the Anu of man", undoubtedly a Kassite product according to Lambert , an Akkadian list of around 160 divine names [ 10 ] [CT XXV, pl. 47, 48, [ p 9 ] CT XXVI, pl. 50 [ p 10 ...
This family of languages also has the distinction of being the first historically attested group of languages to use an alphabet, derived from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, to record their writings, as opposed to the far earlier Cuneiform logographic/syllabic writing of the region, which originated in Mesopotamia and was used to record Sumerian ...
The Akkadians also called the Sumerians "black-headed people", or á¹£almat-qaqqadi, in the Semitic Akkadian language. [2] [3] The Akkadians, the East Semitic-speaking people who later conquered the Sumerian city-states, gave Sumer its main historical name, but the phonological development of the term šumerû is uncertain. [17]
Sumerian loan words were spread in the whole linguistic area. Beside the previous languages, some nouns were borrowed from Hurrian , Kassite , Ugaritic and other ancient languages. Since Sumerian and Hurrian, two non-Semitic languages, differ from Akkadian in word structure, only nouns and some adjectives (not many verbs) were borrowed from ...
The word medina (root: d-y-n/d-w-n) has the meaning of "metropolis" in Amharic, "city" in Arabic and Ancient Hebrew, and "State" in Modern Hebrew. There is sometimes no relation between the roots. For example, "knowledge" is represented in Hebrew by the root y-d-Ê¿ , but in Arabic by the roots Ê¿-r-f and Ê¿-l-m and in Ethiosemitic by the roots ...
A Sumerian relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash circa 2500 BCE. This dynasty is dated to the 26th century BC, about the same time as Elam is also mentioned clearly. [22] According to the Sumerian king list, Elam, Sumer's neighbor to the east, held the kingship in Sumer for a brief period, based in the city of Awan.