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  2. Wolfe conditions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfe_conditions

    In the unconstrained minimization problem, the Wolfe conditions are a set of inequalities for performing inexact line search, especially in quasi-Newton methods, first published by Philip Wolfe in 1969. [1][2] In these methods the idea is to find for some smooth . Each step often involves approximately solving the subproblem where is the ...

  3. Farkas' lemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkas'_lemma

    In mathematics, Farkas' lemma is a solvability theorem for a finite system of linear inequalities. It was originally proven by the Hungarian mathematician Gyula Farkas. [1] Farkas' lemma is the key result underpinning the linear programming duality and has played a central role in the development of mathematical optimization (alternatively ...

  4. Euler's criterion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_criterion

    Because the modulus is prime, Lagrange's theorem applies: a polynomial of degree k can only have at most k roots. In particular, x 2 ≡ a (mod p ) has at most 2 solutions for each a . This immediately implies that besides 0 there are at least ⁠ p − 1 / 2 ⁠ distinct quadratic residues modulo p : each of the p − 1 possible values of x ...

  5. Lambert W function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_W_function

    The product logarithm Lambert W function plotted in the complex plane from −2 − 2i to 2 + 2i The graph of y = W(x) for real x < 6 and y > −4.The upper branch (blue) with y ≥ −1 is the graph of the function W 0 (principal branch), the lower branch (magenta) with y ≤ −1 is the graph of the function W −1.

  6. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  7. Norm (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)

    Norm (mathematics) In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin. In particular, the Euclidean distance in a Euclidean space ...

  8. Integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral

    The trapezoidal rule weights the first and last values by one half, then multiplies by the step width to obtain a better approximation. [56] The idea behind the trapezoidal rule, that more accurate approximations to the function yield better approximations to the integral, can be carried further: Simpson's rule approximates the integrand by a ...

  9. Ordinary differential equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation

    e. In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with other DE, its unknown (s) consists of one (or more) function (s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. [1] The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations ...

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