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For instance, if the gravitational acceleration equals a 0 at a distance from a mass, at ten times that distance, Newtonian gravity predicts a hundredfold decline in gravity whereas MOND predicts only a tenfold reduction. By fitting Milgrom's law to rotation curve data, Begeman et al. found a 0 ≈ 1.2 × 10 −10 m/s 2 to be optimal. [23]
In physics, precisely in the study of the theory of general relativity and many alternatives to it, the post-Newtonian formalism is a calculational tool that expresses Einstein's (nonlinear) equations of gravity in terms of the lowest-order deviations from Newton's law of universal gravitation.
Causal dynamical triangulation (CDT), theorized by Renate Loll, Jan Ambjørn and Jerzy Jurkiewicz, is an approach to quantum gravity that, like loop quantum gravity, is background independent. This means that it does not assume any pre-existing arena (dimensional space) but, rather, attempts to show how the spacetime fabric itself evolves.
Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG) [1] is a modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. The theory is also often referred to by the acronym MOG ( MO dified G ravity ).
Thus, Newtonian gravity is called a scalar theory. The gravitational force is dependent of the distance r of the massive objects to each other (more exactly, their centre of mass). Mass is a parameter and space and time are unchangeable. Einstein's theory of gravity, the General Relativity (GR) is of another nature.
Moffat's work culminates in his nonsymmetric gravitational theory and scalar–tensor–vector gravity (now called MOG). [1] His theory explains galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter. He proposes a variable speed of light approach to cosmological problems, which posits that G/c is constant through time, but G and c separately ...
The whole landscape of physics was changed with the discovery of Lorentz transformations, and this led to attempts to reconcile it with gravity. At the same time, experimental physicists started testing the foundations of gravity and relativity— Lorentz invariance , the gravitational deflection of light , the Eötvös experiment .
Newton–Cartan theory (or geometrized Newtonian gravitation) is a geometrical re-formulation, as well as a generalization, of Newtonian gravity first introduced by Élie Cartan in 1923 [1] [2] and Kurt Friedrichs [3] and later developed by G. Dautcourt, [4] W. G. Dixon, [5] P. Havas, [6] H. Künzle, [7] Andrzej Trautman, [8] and others. [9]