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  2. Dihybrid cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross

    This cross results in the expected phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1. Another example is listed in the table below and illustrates the process of a dihybrid cross between pea plants with multiple traits and their phenotypic ratio patterns. Dihybrid crosses are easily visualized using a 4 x 4 Punnett square.

  3. Test cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cross

    When conducting a dihybrid test cross, two dominant phenotypic characteristics are selected and crossed with parents displaying double recessive traits. The phenotypic characteristics of the F1 generation are then analyzed. In such a test cross, if the individual being tested is heterozygous, a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1 is typically observed. [7]

  4. Punnett square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square

    A Punnett square showing a typical test cross. ... The following example illustrates a dihybrid cross between two ... The ratio 9:3:3:1 is the expected outcome when ...

  5. Mendelian inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance

    Mendel found support for this law in his dihybrid cross experiments. In his monohybrid crosses, an idealized 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive phenotypes resulted. In dihybrid crosses, however, he found a 9:3:3:1 ratios. This shows that each of the two alleles is inherited independently from the other, with a 3:1 phenotypic ratio for each.

  6. Monohybrid cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohybrid_cross

    To a casual observer in the monastery garden, the cross appeared no different from the P cross described above: round-seeded peas being crossed with wrinkled-seeded ones. But Mendel predicted that this time he would produce both round and wrinkled seeds and in a 50:50 ratio. He performed the cross and harvested 106 round peas and 101 wrinkled peas.

  7. Backcrossing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcrossing

    In this case, the filial generation formed after the back cross may have a phenotype ratio of 1:1 if the cross is made with recessive parent or else all offspring may be having phenotype of dominant trait if the backcross is with a parent having the dominant trait. The former of these traits is also called a test cross.

  8. Non-Mendelian inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Mendelian_inheritance

    Mirabilis jalapa Carl Correns. Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws.These laws describe the inheritance of traits linked to single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus.

  9. Cross-ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-ratio

    One approach to cross ratio interprets it as a homography that takes three designated points to 0, 1, and ∞. Under restrictions having to do with inverses, it is possible to generate such a mapping with ring operations in the projective line over a ring. The cross ratio of four points is the evaluation of this homography at the fourth point.

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