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Radiation damage is the effect of ionizing radiation on physical objects including non-living structural materials. It can be either detrimental or beneficial for materials. Radiobiology is the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, including the health effects of radiation in humans.
Chemical properties. Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element: it does not react with water, is immune to attack by most acids and bases, and does not react with oxygen or air at room temperature. At elevated temperatures (i.e., when red-hot) it reacts with oxygen to form the trioxide compound tungsten (VI), WO 3.
Overview. [edit] Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. [ 5 ][ 2 ] Thermal radiation reflects the conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of random movements of atoms and molecules in matter.
Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, [6] [7] [8] animals, [9] plants [10] and for microorganisms [11] and is necessary for prenatal and postnatal development. [12] It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes.
Biocompatibility. Titanium is considered the most biocompatible metal due to its resistance to corrosion from bodily fluids, bio-inertness, capacity for osseointegration, and high fatigue limit. Titanium's ability to withstand the harsh bodily environment is a result of the protective oxide film that forms naturally in the presence of oxygen.
Platinum has excellent resistance to corrosion. Bulk platinum does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but it forms a thin surface film of PtO 2 that can be easily removed by heating to about 400 °C. [17] [18] The most common oxidation states of platinum are +2 and +4. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are less common, and are often stabilized ...
Emissivity of a body at a given temperature is the ratio of the total emissive power of a body to the total emissive power of a perfectly black body at that temperature. Following Planck's law, the total energy radiated increases with temperature while the peak of the emission spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths.