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These laws were decaying by the later Middle Ages, and the patronymic system was gradually replaced by fixed surnames, although the use of patronymic names continued up until the early 19th century in some rural areas. In the reign of Henry VIII surnames became hereditary amongst the Welsh gentry, and the custom spread slowly amongst commoners. [2]
History. The earliest surnames found in Scotland occur during the reign of David I, King of Scots (1124–53). These were Anglo-Norman names which had become hereditary in England before arriving in Scotland (for example, the contemporary surnames de Brus, de Umfraville, and Ridel). During the reigns of kings David I, Malcolm IV and William the ...
The Catálogo alfabético de apellidos (English: Alphabetical Catalogue of Surnames; Filipino: Alpabetikong Katalogo ng mga apelyido) is a book of surnames in the Philippines and other islands of Spanish East Indies published in the mid-19th century. That was in response to a Spanish colonial decree establishing the distribution of Spanish ...
After this, the use of hereditary surnames in the cities accelerated—by 1865, the vast majority of citizens of Trondheim had hereditary surnames, and by the beginning of the 20th century most of the urban population in Norway had hereditary surnames, although non-hereditary patronymics were often used in addition to the family name. The 19th ...
Baas – The Boss. Bakker – Baker. Beek, van – From the brook. Beekhof – garden brook. Beenhouwer – Butcher. Berg, van der – From the cliff, mountain. Berkenbosch – birch wood, a grove of birch trees. Bijl, van der – "from the axe" – i.e. descended from woodcutters (lumberjacks) Boer, de – the Farmer.
Several surnames have multiple spellings; this is sometimes due to unrelated families bearing the same surname. A single surname in either language may have multiple translations in the other. In some English translations of the names, the M(a)c- prefix may be omitted in the English, e.g. Bain vs MacBain, Cowan vs MacCowan, Ritchie vs MacRitchie.
It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory. Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands' names, and among those who do so officially, it is quite common not to use it either in their ...
Relative to the sustained German mass immigration during the 19th and early 20th century, this practice of surname translation was unusual and not very widespread. [ 27 ] In the 1940s, automobile registration documents, along with widespread implementation of social security, [ 28 ] played an important role in stabilizing American surnames by ...
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