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In the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment.
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Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) is a database for gene expression profiling and RNA methylation profiling managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [1] These high-throughput screening genomics data are derived from microarray or RNA-Seq experimental data. [ 2 ]
Gene expression profiling is a technique used in molecular biology to query the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. While almost all cells in an organism contain the entire genome of the organism, only a small subset of those genes is expressed as messenger RNA (mRNA) at any given time, and their relative expression can be evaluated.
The Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database (MOPED) was an expanding multi-omics resource that supports rapid browsing of transcriptomics and proteomics information from publicly available studies on model organisms and humans. [2]
Genes and samples with similar expression profiles can be automatically grouped (left and top trees). Samples may be different individuals, tissues, environments or health conditions. In this example, expression of gene set 1 is high and expression of gene set 2 is low in samples 1, 2, and 3. [51] [129]
Due to the biological complexity of gene expression, the considerations of experimental design that are discussed in the expression profiling article are of critical importance if statistically and biologically valid conclusions are to be drawn from the data. There are three main elements to consider when designing a microarray experiment.
Correlations in the gene expression of the subpopulations can often be missed due to the lack of subpopulation identification. [1] Secondly, bulk assays fail to recognize whether a change in the expression profile is due to a change in regulation or composition — for example if one cell type arises to dominate the population.