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E-cigarettes containing nicotine were banned starting in 2010. [136] Non-nicotine e-cigarettes are sold to adults and minors since no regulation exists for non-nicotine e-cigarettes in Japan. [136] While it is legal if the e-cigarette is registered as a medicinal product so far there have been no approved medicinal e-cigarettes. However, the ...
Fruit flavored e-liquid is the most commonly marketed e-liquid flavor on social media. [ 360 ] E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading as researchers have found differing amounts of heavy metals in the vapor, including ...
A 2016 review found "The nicotine contained in the aerosol from 13 puffs of an e-cigarette in which the nicotine concentration of the liquid is 18 mg per milliliter has been estimated to be similar to the amount in the smoke of a typical tobacco cigarette, which contains approximately 0.5 mg of nicotine."
As of 2016 four adults were reported to have died in the US and Europe after intentionally ingesting e-liquid. [120] Two children, one in the US in 2014 and another in Israel in 2013, died after ingesting liquid nicotine. [121] A two-year-old girl in the UK in 2014 was hospitalized after licking an e-cigarette liquid refill. [122]
There is also a limit on the nicotine content, meaning the nicotine strength of any e-liquid cannot exceed 20 mg/ml (2.0%). [178] Refill liquids in the EU with more than 20 mg/ml of nicotine may be sold with prior authorization from the pharmaceutical regulation. [40]
Another tactic used to imply the safety of these products is that the e-liquid containing nicotine is typically labeled as "e-juice" and promoted in candy and fruit flavors, such as cotton candy, gummy bear, chocolate mint, watermelon, and grape. [173] The fact that e-cigarettes contain nicotine is downplayed in e-cigarette advertising. [173]
[27] [28] An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine. [29] The estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500–1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5–13 mg/kg). [27] [29] Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. [30]
A nicotine base and a weak acid such as benzoic acid or levulinic acid is used to form a nicotine salt. [1] Across a sample of 23 nicotine salts available for public purchase, the three most common acids used in the formation of nicotine salts were lactic acid, benzoic acid and levulinic acid. [8]
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