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Adjusted present value (APV) is a valuation method introduced in 1974 by Stewart Myers. [1] The idea is to value the project as if it were all equity financed ("unleveraged"), and to then add the present value of the tax shield of debt – and other side effects.
Among other things, the value of Ke and the Cost of Debt (COD) [6] enables management to arbitrate different forms of short and long term financing for various types of expenditures. Ke applies most prominently to companies that regularly generate excess capital (free cash flow, cash on hand) from ongoing operations.
FCFF is the free cash flow to the firm (essentially operating cash flow minus capital expenditures) as reduced for tax; WACC is the weighted average cost of capital, combining the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt; t is the time period; n is the number of time periods to "maturity" or exit; g is the sustainable growth rate at that point
This default premium will rise as the amount of debt increases (since, all other things being equal, the risk rises as the cost of debt rises). Since in most cases debt expense is a deductible expense, the cost of debt is computed on an after-tax basis to make it comparable with the cost of equity (earnings are taxed as well).
c = cost of capital, or the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). NOPAT is profits derived from a company's operations after cash taxes but before financing costs and non-cash bookkeeping entries. It is the total pool of profits available to provide a cash return to those who provide capital to the firm.
If, instead the firm finances with debt, then, assuming the firm owes $100 of interest to investors, its profits are now 0. Investors now pay taxes on their interest income, say $30. This implies for $100 of profits before taxes, investors got $70. [1] This tax-related encouragement of debt financing has not gone uncriticized. [2]
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Consider one unit of investment that costs $1,000 and returns $1,100 at the end of year 1, i.e. a 10% return on investment before taxes. Now assume tax rate of 20%. If an investor pays $1,000 of capital, at the end of the year, he will have ($1,000 return of capital, $100 income and –$20 tax) $1,080.