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Phenytoin/pentobarbital (trade name Beuthanasia-D Special) is an animal drug product used for euthanasia, which contains a mixture of phenytoin and pentobarbital. [1] It is administered as an intravenous injection to give animals a quick and humane death.
Maropitant (INN; [3] brand name: Cerenia, used as maropitant citrate , is a neurokinin-1 (NK 1) receptor antagonist developed by Zoetis specifically for the treatment of motion sickness and vomiting in dogs. It was approved by the FDA in 2007, for use in dogs [4] [5] and in 2012, for cats. [6]
However, in common English the term has mostly been used to describe the four most well-known routes of injection. A peripheral IV placed on the hand. A medical professional performs an intradermal (ID) injection. The term injection encompasses intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and intradermal (ID) administration. [35]
Subcutaneous administration is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion. A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. The instruments are usually a hypodermic needle and a syringe.
Tigilanol tiglate (USAN; [1]), sold under the brand name Stelfonta is a medication used to treat dogs with non-metastatic, skin-based mast cell tumors (MCTs). The FDA is also approving Stelfonta to treat non-metastatic MCTs located under the dog's skin (subcutaneous), in particular areas of a dog's leg. [2]
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]
Atipamezole has also been used as an antidote for various toxicities in dogs. For example, the anti-tick medication amitraz is commonly ingested by dogs who eat their anti-tick collars. [19] Amitraz works by the same mechanism as dexmedetomidine and is thus easily reversed by atipamezole.
The traditional procedure of ID injection known as the Mantoux procedure (as used in the Mantoux test) involves injecting at angle of administration of 5 to 15 degrees angle, almost against the skin. With bevel (opening) side up, the needle is inserted about 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3 mm) with the entire bevel inside and injected while watching for a ...