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  2. Measures of national income and output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measures_of_national...

    Comparison of GDP from one country to another may be distorted by movements in exchange rates. Measuring national income at purchasing power parity may overcome this problem at the risk of overvaluing basic goods and services, for example subsistence farming. GDP does not measure factors that affect quality of life, such as the quality of the ...

  3. Government budget balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_budget_balance

    GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the value of all goods and services produced within a country during one year. GDP measures flows rather than stocks (example: the public deficit is a flow, measured per unit of time, while the government debt is a stock, an accumulation). GDP can be expressed equivalently in terms of production or the types of ...

  4. List of unsolved problems in economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Transformation problem: The transformation problem is the problem specific to Marxist economics, and not to economics in general, of finding a general rule by which to transform the values of commodities based on socially necessary labour time into the competitive prices of the marketplace. The essential difficulty is how to reconcile profit in ...

  5. Gross domestic product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product

    Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress. Furthermore, the GDP does not consider human health nor the educational aspect of a population. [38] Instances of GDP measures have been considered numbers that are artificial constructs. [39]

  6. Genuine progress indicator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator

    Genuine progress indicator (GPI) is a metric that has been suggested to replace, or supplement, gross domestic product (GDP). [1] The GPI is designed to take fuller account of the well-being of a nation, only a part of which pertains to the size of the nation's economy, by incorporating environmental and social factors which are not measured by GDP.

  7. National Income and Product Accounts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Income_and...

    Thus the left side gives GDP by the income method, and the right side gives GDP by the expenditure method. The GDP is given on the bottom line of both sides of the report. GDP must have the same value on both sides of the account. This is because income and expenditure are defined in a way that forces them to be equal (see accounting identity ...

  8. Austerity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerity

    By definition, a government budget deficit must exist so all three net to zero: for example, the U.S. government budget deficit in 2011 was approximately 10% of GDP (8.6% of GDP of which was federal), offsetting a foreign financial surplus of 4% of GDP and a private-sector surplus of 6% of GDP.

  9. Sectoral balances - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectoral_balances

    The sum of the two components equaled 1.2% GDP in 2017, which matches the private balance in the graph showing the three sectors. [2] [11] GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the value of all goods and services sold within a country during one year. GDP measures flows rather than stocks (example: the public deficit is a flow, the government debt is ...